The production, use, possession, and sale of recreational marijuana are illegal in West Virginia, although as of 2021, medical marijuana is now legal under state-approved circumstances. Demand for the drug, both legally and illegally, is strong. West Virginia is among the states where marijuana is cultivated in significant quantities, at least in part because of the state’s climate and terrain. Precise figures for illegal production are impossible to come by, but West Virginia has been among the top 10 states as regards marijuana plant eradication each year since 1985.

Legally, marijuana is the plant cannabis sativa. The active ingredient is a group of chemicals known collectively as tetrahydrocannabinols (THC). Enforcement of state and federal laws concerning marijuana cultivation involves multiple and overlapping jurisdictions. In West Virginia, the state police, county sheriff departments, and city police are involved, as well as the Division of Natural Resources, Civil Air Patrol, and National Guard. At the federal level, the Drug Enforcement Administration is the principal agency.

The economic data on illegal marijuana cultivation represent projections based on documented eradication, arrests, and related factors. Such projections suggest that both legal and illegal marijuana is a major cash crop that places West Virginia an estimated third in the nation per capita in terms of cultivation.

The number of marijuana plants destroyed in West Virginia ranged from 40,149 in 1998 to more than 189,000 in 2012, but falling 50,301 in 2022, according to statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice. The state police place a value of $2,000 on every plant, which means that the marijuana destroyed in 2012 had a “street value” of $378 million but only about $100 million in 2022.

The job of eradicating illegal marijuana production often falls to the state police. Troopers use helicopters to spot the plants from the air and all-terrain vehicles to reach them on the ground. In recent years, troopers have encountered man-made “booby traps” set by the growers to scare away unwanted visitors.

There are two issues closely related to legal marijuana cultivation: industrial hemp and medical marijuana. Hemp is a variety of cannabis that has less than one percent THC. The fibers and other parts of the hemp plant can be used for making textiles, rope, paper, paint, clothing, plastics, cosmetics, foodstuffs, insulation, animal feed, and other products. Historically, hemp was a valuable and legal crop in the United States, including present West Virginia.

The West Virginia legislature in 2002 legalized the cultivation of hemp under tightly controlled circumstances. This legislation also established licensing procedures to allow local farmers to plant, grow, harvest, possess, process, and sell hemp commercially. No funds were provided for the program. After passage of the 2014 federal Farm Bill, the state Department of Agriculture launched a pilot program in which hemp growers must apply for an application. Between 2017 and 2020, the number of licensed hemp growers in West Virginia increased from 46 to 311. However, in the early 2020s, hemp production in the state has experienced a steep decline.

A growing number of states have decriminalized the use of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes in recent years. In 2017, Governor Jim Justice signed into law a medical cannabis bill, which was amended in 2019 and again in 2020, that allows registered users to consume medical marijuana in the form of pills, oils, liquids, dermal patches, topical creams, nebulizer treatments, or dry leaf. The first medical cannabis dispensary opened in Morgantown in 2021. As of March 2023, nearly 20,000 medical cannabis applications had been approved in the state, with nine operational cannabis growers, 44 operational dispensaries, and seven operational processors; revenues have exceeded $36 million. It is still illegal to produce, distribute, or use marijuana for recreational purposes in West Virginia.