West Virginia, like all the states, has separate state and federal court systems. State courts process more than 98 percent of all litigation. The matters decided by state courts interpret and develop the laws that address the daily concerns of citizens.

The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals is the state's highest appellate court; it makes the final judicial determination in all questions of state law. The five justices on the court serve 12-year terms; each year, they elect one of their number to be chief justice. Like all state judges in West Virginia, the Supreme Court justices are chosen in nonpartisan elections.

The Intermediate Court of Appeals, established in 2022, consists of a three-judge panel serving ten-year, staggered terms. The first three were appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate; beginning in 2024, the judges are elected in nonpartisan elections. The court will hear appeals from circuit courts in civil cases, some appeals from family courts, appeals from state agencies, and workers compensation appeals.

The state system has two types of trial courts: circuit courts, which are general jurisdiction trial courts, and magistrate courts, which are limited jurisdiction trial courts. Most important cases of law begin and end in circuit court. The legislature determines the number of judicial circuits and the number of judges in each circuit based on the needs of each section of the state and population increases and decreases. There are currently 31 circuits; some circuits include several counties, but 17 circuits encompass only one county. The number of judges in a circuit ranges from one to seven. Circuit judges have eight-year terms.

A 2000 state constitutional amendment established a separate system of family courts. There are 46 family court judges in 27 circuits. The judges are elected in nonpartisan races to eight-year terms and, like circuit court judges, must have practiced law for at least five years. Family court judges conduct hearings in cases involving divorce and child custody, visitation, and support. Decisions of family court judges can be appealed to a circuit court, unless both parties agree to appeal divorce or other domestic relations decisions to the state Supreme Court.

Mental hygiene commissioners preside over hearings on involuntary hospitalization, guardianship, and conservatorship. These officials then recommend how the court should dispose of such cases. A magistrate court is located in each county to litigate minor civil cases and misdemeanor criminal cases. Based on its population, a county may have from two to 10 magistrate judges. They serve four-year terms and may be non-lawyers. Decisions in magistrate court may be appealed to circuit court, where an entirely new trial is conducted. Cities and towns may establish municipal courts. They are administered locally and are limited to the enforcement of city ordinances. The 156 municipal judges are chosen in elections or by appointment.

Every state has at least one U.S. District Court within its boundaries, and West Virginia has two. The Southern District is centered in Charleston and also holds court in Beckley, Bluefield, and Huntington. The Northern District, centered in Clarksburg, also holds court in Elkins, Martinsburg, and Wheeling. These courts address questions of federal law and federal crimes arising in West Virginia. They may also hear state civil cases arising in West Virginia between a citizen of West Virginia and a citizen of another state. Appeals of decisions of the U.S. District Courts in West Virginia are made to the Fourth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals, which sits in Richmond. Federal district judges serve life terms. The president appoints them with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. These judges are West Virginians, who were suggested to the president by the state's U.S. senators and governor. Each district court also has a bankruptcy court attached to it.