In the 21st century, West Virginia students have scored well below the national average on standardized tests. Challenges have included the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, low teacher pay, and a rise in student homelessness and foster care. West Virginia ranks very low nationally in both education and economic well-being, which research shows are connected.

To provide more educational options, in 2019, West Virginia approved the opening of private charter schools with partial public funding. The first four opened in 2022–23—the first being the West Virginia Academy in Morgantown. The state allows up to 10 new charter schools every three years. Charter students must take the same tests as public school students.