In 1950, a deal between the United Mine Workers and coal companies allowed more machines in the mines to boost productivity and lower costs. While this resulted in dramatically fewer mining jobs, the union accepted the trade-off in exchange for better pay and working conditions for the miners who remained.

In the 1950s, roof-bolters replaced wooden supports, making it easier for machines to move through mines. Continuous-mining machines and belt systems cut down the need for workers, causing many miners to leave for jobs in Ohio and northern cities.

By the 1970s, longwall mining had become popular. These machines could remove large sections of coal quickly and with even fewer workers. During the 21st century, West Virginia is producing more coal than ever—but with fewer miners, thanks to automation and computer technology. The number of miners in the state has dropped from about 125,000 in 1950 to less than 20,000 today.